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Texas occurs as state located in the United States of America. A 28th U.S. state, Texas joined the United States in 1845. Its postal abbreviation is TX. the state title derives from either the word around a Caddoan language of the Hasinai, táysha (or tejwhen, as a Spaniards spelled it), meaning friends or even allies. Spanish explorers mistakenly applied a word to the population & their location. Sustaining an locality of 696,241 km2 and a population of 22.5 million, Texas is the second largest U.S. state inside two vicinity & people, & a big state within the contiguous 48 states in front yard. (Alaska is the largest U.S. state within front yard & California is the most thickly settled.) Texas has historically experienced the "larger than life" reputation, especially around cowboy films.
History Native American tribes that once lived in a boundaries of present-contemporary Texas include Apache, Atakapan, Bidai, Caddo, Comanche, Cherokee, Kiowa, Tonkawa, and Wichita. Presently, there are leash federally recognized Native Our contries tribes which reside within Texas: a Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas, the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas, and a Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo of Texas. In November 6, 1528 shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca became the number one known European to placed foot in Texas. a member of the Narváez expedition, he was late enslaved by the Native U.s. tribe of the upper Gulf coast, & explored what come okay, the U.S. states of Texas, Up to date Mexico & Arizonthe in foot from either coastal Louisiana to Sinaloa, Mexico, across a period of about vi years. He returned to Europe inside 1537, within which he wrote all about his lives in the act known as La relación ("The Tale"). Before 1821, Texas was part of the Spanish colony of New Spain. Fallowing Mexican independence inside 1821, Texas became part of Mexico & in 1824 became a northern subdivision of Coahuila y Tejas. In 3 January 1823, Stephen F. Austin began a colony of 300 American families along the Brazos River in present-day Fort Bend County and Brazoria County, centered primarily in the area of what is now Sugar Land. This class action became called a "Old Three Hundred." A "Conventions" of 1832 & 1833 responded to rising unrest at a policies of the reigning Mexican government. Policies that virtually all irritated a Texians included a Mexican ban in slavery, a physical disarming of Texian settlers, & a expulsion of illegal immigrants from either a United States of America. A lesson of the Centralista forces' suppression of dissidents around Zacatecas also inspired fear of the Mexican government. In March 2, 1836, the "Convention of 1836" signed a Texas "Declaration of Independence," declaring Texas an independent united states. In April 21, 1836 a Texians won their independence when it defeated the Mexican forces of Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna himself passed into captivity, & in May 14, Republic of Texas officials and General Santa Anna signed a accord of Velasco. A Republic of Texwhen involved all the front yard at present involved in the state of Texwhen, although its self-proclaimed american & northwestern borders extended as far west as Santa Fe and when far northwest as present-contemporary Wyoming, respectively. Inside 1845, Texas was admitted to the United States as a constituent state of the Union. Annexation was mutually beneficial to Texas & a United States. Texas was within the super susceptible position as the consequence independence, using a frail government, little industry, & minimum infrastructure. A U.S. may not allow such the tenuous united states to sit right its border. Texas besides lay part in the way of the U.S. expansion to the Pacific, & its "Manifest Destiny." a major stumbling prevent of annexation, besides the possible for war with Mexico, was the fact that Texas was the slave state & potentially would tip a balance between loose and break one's back states due to its vast size. A few southerners were pushing for a ability to divide Texas into multiple states, thereby increasing the total of knuckle down states possibly supplementary. The compromise was reached therein whenever Texas were divided, any states n of the Missouri Compromise would be loose states. When you took a Civil War, Texas seceded from a Union & joined a Confederate States of America. Around 1870, a United States Congress readmitted Texas into the Union. Texas around todays world occurs as state thoroughly steeped in tradition, eventually equally embracing of freshly mixer & technical developments. From either a state capital of Austin (as well headquarters of Dell Computers & called "Silicon Hills") to a cosmopolite air of Dallas, to the oil-&-finance rich industry of Houston to the Latinesque cultures of San Antonio & El Paso, the state touristry shibboleth truly fits: "Texas: It's like a whole other country."
Geography Texas lies in the south-central a share of the United states. Texas is considered to form section of the US South and part of the U.S. Southwest. A bit of regions of Texas come associated by owning a Southwest to a higher degree a South, when more regions come associated sustaining a South to a higher degree a Southwest. Texas shares a select few ethnical elements by having two regions, by having extra similarities sustaining a South, especially Arkansas & Louisiana, inside East Texas, & supplementary similarities sustaining a Southwest, especially Mexico and Future Mexico, around West Texas and South Texas.
Human Geography
Articles in Texas regions:
For the 254 counties of Texas,
Natural Geography
Geology
Government and politics
Republican Rick Perry has served as Governor of Texas since December 2000 when George W. Bush vacated the office to assume the Presidency. Both Republicans represent Texas in the U.S. Senate: Kay Bailey Hutchison (since 1993) and John Cornyn (since 2002). Texas has 32 representatives in the U.S. Home of Representatives: Xxi Republicans & Eleven Democrats.
A [http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/txconst/toc.html Texas Constitution], adoptive inside 1876, is the second hanker in the united states. When by having numerous state constitutions, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers & incorporates its bill of rights directly into the text of the constitution (when Article I personally). A bill of rights is substantially extended & further elaborated than a federal Bill of Rights, and includes a bit of provisions unique to Texas.
A executive office of the president consists of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller of Public Accounts, L& Commissioner, Law office General, Agriculture Commissioner, a 3-member Railroad Commission, a State Board of Education, and a Secretary of State. A Controller decides whenever potential state income is sufficient to handle a propsed state budget. Except for the Secretary of State—world health organization is appointed per Governor sustaining a advice & consent of the Senate—every one officials is elected. There are likewise the prominent total of state agents & many boards & commissions. Partially because of a big total of elected officials, the Governor's powers come quite limited compared to to more state governors or even a U.S. President. Within popular traditional knowledge & belief a Lieutenant Governor, world health organization heads a Senate & appoints its committees, has extra power than the Governor. A Governor commands a state militia & might veto bills travel by the Legislative & call for favorite sessions of the Law-makers. He or even she too appoints members of various executive boards & fills judicial vacancies between elections.
A Legislature of Texas, like a general assembly of each more state except Nebraska, is bicameral (that is, has 2 chambers). A Home of Representatives has 150 members, when a Senate has 31. A speaker of the home, presently Tom Craddick (R-Midland) leads a Home, & a Lieutenant Governor (presently Republican David Dewhurst) leads the State Senate. A Law-makers meets inside regular session merely it used to be that each both years.
A judicial system of Texas hwhen a reputation as one of a virtually all complex in the United States—in case does'nt in the globe—using numerous shells & several overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has ii courts of pis aller: a Texas Supreme Court—which hears civil cases—& a Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Except in a outbreak of a bit of municipal benches, partizan elections explore tons of the judges the least bit levels of the judiciary; the Governor fills vacancies by appointment.
County Government
Texas has a number of 254 counties, by far the virtually all counties of any state. Apiece county is start by the "commissioners court" consisting of quaternary elective commissioners (of these from either every of quadruplet precincts drawn according to people) & the "county judge" elected from either all the elector of the county. a county judge doesn't keep close at hand authority to veto a guide of the commissioners court, s/he votes along by using the commissioners. Around smaller counties, a county judge actually does perform judicial duties, however within larger counties a judge's role is limited to serving on the commissioners court. Certain officials like a sheriff & exciseman come elected one by one per elector & state law specifies their wage, however a commissioners court determines their professional budgets. Counties likewise develop tremendously less legal power than municipalities, for example, counties inside Texas do notDevelop zoning power or even eminent domaaround power (except in super uncommon circumstances).
Municipal Government
Texas doesn't keep around town; areas inside the county come either "incorporated" (we.e., a share of a city, though a city might locate the county for even needful services) or "unincorporated" (i personally.e., non section of a city, around these areas the county has authority for law enforcement & touring maintenance).
Cities come classified when either "general law" or even "home rule". The city will elect "home rule" status (we.e., draft an independent city charter) another time it exceeds 5,000 people & a elector agree to at home rule. Otherwise, these are classified when "general law" & has super limited powers. 1 case of the difference in the deuce structures regards annexation. General law cities just can not annex adjacent unincorporated areas while forgoing a property creator's consent; at home rule cities will extension while forgoing consent, however must provide essential services in a specified period or even the landholder can file lawsuit to become deannexed.
School and Special Districts
Additionally to cities & counties, Texas has many "special districts". A usual is the independent school district, which (with the single exception) has a board of trustees that is independent of any more governing authority. School territory boundaries are non coaligned by having city or even even even county boundaries; these are non rare for the school district to handle of these or other counties or for the big city to become served by many school dominion.
More favorite territorial dominion include water system, public hospitals, & community colleges.
Politics
Texas politics come presently dominated per Republican Party, which has strong majorities in the Texas Senate & Home of Representatives. Each executive branch official elective statewide is Republican, when is each member of Texas's deuce courts of pis aller; there is no Democrat has won the statewide election since 1994. A majority of the state's delegation to the U.S. Home of Representatives is Republican, when come two U.S. Senators. The notable exception to this trend is the Travis County Da, Ronnie Earle, a Democrat elected per population of Austin who has served since 1978 with state-wide authority & responsibility for legally prosecuting political mischief. A position of Travis County DA is unambiguously then-empowered per Texas Consitution; virtually all states grant this authority to the additional broadly elective position of Attorney General.
Such as more Southern states, Texas historically was the a single-person state of the Democratic Party. the Democrats controlled a majority in the Texas Home & in the state's Congressional delegation until a 2002 & 2004 elections, respectively. One of the best known Texans was a Democrat: Lyndon Baines Johnson served in the U.S. Home of Representatives, a U.S. Senate, & when vice-president and president of the United States.
Economy
Texas remained largely rural until World War II, with cattle ranching, oil, and agriculture as its main industries. Contrary to popular mythology, cows ranching was never Texas's main industry. Prior to a oil boom, back to a period of the 1st anglo settlers, this was cotton farming (as within virtually all of the South).
Within 1926 San Antonio had over 120,000 humans, a big people of any city around Texas. Fallowing World War II, Texas became increasingly industralized.
Its economy (circa 2000) relies largely in it, oil & natural gas, energy exploration & energy swing trading, agriculture, and manufacturing. A state has 2 major economic centers: a Greater Houston area and a Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. Houston stands at a center of the petrochemical & biomedical research trades while Dallwhen functions as a center of the agricultural & information technology labor market in Texas. More major cities include San Antonio, Austin, Brownsville, Lubbock, Amarillo, Abilene, Beaumont, McAllen, Tyler, Odessa and Midland. More crucial cities include Killeen, residence to Fort Hood the largest post in the U.S., El Paso, Eagle Pass, and Laredo; these have particular significance due to their location on the border using Mexico, making the babies crucial trade points.
A state passed New York in the 1990s to become a 2nd-largest U.S. state inside people (when California). Inside 2001 Texas had the gross state product of $764 billion. Texas's incubation is typically attributed to the accessibility of jobs, a moo dollars & cents of housing (housing values in a Dallas and Houston areas, when usually rising, use at times non risen at the astronomic rates of more areas like San Francisco), the want of a household state income tax, low taxation of business, limited government (the state general assembly of Texas meets sole it used to be that each 2 years), & favorable climate.
Film and television
A Texas Film Commission was founded for free services to filmmakers, from either location the food and drug administration to traveling.
Demographics
A humans of Texas, historically typically referred to as Texians, come at present usually known as Texans.
When of 2004, the state got the people of 22,490,022. A state has 3,450,500 foreign-nonnative residents (Fifteen.6% of the state people), of which an calculated Ace.Two million come illegal aliens (illegal aliens account for supplementary than a single-tierce of the foreign-nonnative people inside Texas & Quint.4% of the amount state people). A state's people grew Fivesome.Five million between 1990 & 2004, the incubation of 32.4%
Ethnic origins
More people groups inside Texas too exhibit dandy diversity. Frontier Texas saw settlements of Germans, particularly in Fredericksburg and New Braunfels. As a matter of fact, a largest family in Texas today is of German descent. Fallowing a European revolutions of 1848, German, Polish, Swedish, Norwegian, Czech and French immigration grew, and continued until World War I. A influence of the diverse immigrants from either Europe lives in the list of towns, styles of architecture, genres of music, & varieties of culinary art. Texans of German descent dominate great deal of central & southeast-central Texas & a single county in the area, Lavaca, is predominately Czech.
Around recent years, a Asian population around Texas has grown, especially in Houston and in Dallas. Population from either mainland China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia India, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Pakistan and other countries keep close at hand settled around Texas.
Within August 2005, it was announced by the United States Census that Texas has become a 4th minority-majority state in the nation (when Hawaii, New Mexico, and California).[http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/005514.html] According to the Texas state Information Center, in case todays trends prove my point, Hispanics might be a majority in the state by 2030.
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! Demographics of Texas
! 2004
! 2003
! 2002
! 2001
! 2000
|-
| Total
| 22,490,022
| 22,103,374
| 21,723,220
| 21,334,855
| 20,851,790
|-
| White (Non-Hispanic)
| 10,986,937
| 11,049,172
| 11,094,951
| 11,138,076
| 11,190,222
|-
|
| 49.8%
| Fifty.4%
| 51.1%
| 51.8%
| 52.7%
|-
| Hispanic (of any race)
| 7,781,211
| 7,519,603
| 7,258,302
| 6,993,458
| 6,669,666
|-
|
| 34.6%
| 34.0%
| 33.4%
| 32.8%
| 32.0%
|-
| Black (Non-Hispanic)
| 2,535,285
| 2,500,125
| 2,463,047
| 2,426,088
| 2,378,444
|-
|
| Eleven.3%
| Xi.3%
| Xi.3%
| Xi.4%
| Eleven.4%
|-
| Asian (Non-Hispanic)
| 695,293
| 666,261
| 636,223
| 604,846
| 567,526
|-
|
| Troika.1%
| Deuce-ace.0%
| Deuce.9%
| Ii.8%
| Two.7%
|-
| Native American (Non-Hispanic)
| 77,662
| 76,071
| 74,538
| 72,762
| 70,405
|-
|
| Cipher.3%
| Cipher.3%
| Zero.3%
| Nought.3%
| Zero.3%
|-
| Mixed/Other
| 210,349
| 203,238
| 196,159
| 188,529
| 178,812
|-
|
| Zero.9%
| Cypher.9%
| Nought.9%
| Cipher.9%
| Nought.9%
|}
Everthing information comes from either a United States Census state population estimates.[http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/SC-EST2004-03.html]
A big reported ancestry groups around Texas include: Mexican (24.3%), African American (11.5%), German (9.9%), American (7.2%), & Irish (7.2%).
Lot of east, exchange, & northward Texas is inhabited primarily by Texans of White Anglo Saxon Protestant heritage, primarily descended from a British Isles. African Americans, world health organization historically mass produced higher of these-tierce of a state people, come concentrated inside victims area of East Texas in which the ante-bellum cotton plantation culture was most large.
Nose count information reports Vii.8% of Texas's people when under Quintuplet, Twenty-eight.2% under Xviii, & Ennead.9% complete 64 years. Females processed higher Fifty.4% of the people.
Cities and metropolitan areas
Largest cities
Texas has ii global cities as Houston and Dallas hang on to a title of "Gamma World City" per Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network (GaWC).
Graded by people of cities (incorporated municipalities), the 5 big cities within Texas come Houston, San Antonio, Dallas, Austin, & Fort Worth. Photo of the business district of people 5 cities come displayed to the perfect, sequentially of every city's people based on data from 2004 U.S. Census estimates within city limits. Texas is a la single state to keep close at h& triplet cities sustaining populations exceeding One million (California has deuce, there are no further state has more than one)--Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas, which are then likewise among the Decade big cities of the United States. Austin & Fort Worth come in the top Xx big America cities.
A select few cities ex-directory come however considered significant on the basis of more factors & issues, including culture, political economy, heritage, & politics.
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! Texas
Metropolitan areas
Texas has Xxv metropolitan areas (MSAs) defined by the United States Census Bureau. Them big come ranked among a top Tenner United States metropolitan areas. Around 2003, the U.S. Nosecount introduced "metropolitan divisions" in a few metropolitan areas. Texas has deuce metropolitan divisions inside a Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington MSA.
A charted table lists people numbers for people metropolitan areas, around rank of people. People numbers come when of the 2003 U.S. Census estimates.
|-
! Rank
! Metropolitan Area
! Metropolitan Division
! Population
|-
| 1
| Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington
|
| align=perfect | 5,589,670
|-
|
|
| Dallas–Plano–Irving
| align=correct | 3,739,509
|-
|
|
| Fort Worth–Arlington
| align=best | 1,850,161
|-
| 2
| Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown
|
| align=perfect | 5,075,733
|-
| 3
| San Antonio
|
| align=right| 1,820,719
|-
| 4
| Austin–Round Rock
|
| align=right| 1,377,633
|-
| 5
| El Paso
|
| align=right| 705,436
|-
| 6
| McAllen–Edinburg–Mission
|
| align=right| 635,540
|-
| 7
| Corpus Christi
|
| align=right| 406,830
|-
| 8
| Beaumont–Port Arthur
|
| align=right| 382,629
|-
| 9
| Brownsville–Harlingen
|
| align=right| 363,092
|-
| 10
| Killeen–Temple
|
| align=right| 343,329
|-
| 11
| Lubbock
|
| align=right| 257,188
|-
| 12
| Odessa–Midland
|
| align=right| 241,316
|-
| 13
| Amarillo
|
| align=right| 233,231
|-
| 14
| Waco
|
| align=right| 219,807
|-
| 15
| Laredo
|
| align=right| 213,615
|-
| 16
| Longview–Marshall
|
| align=right| 198,155
|-
| 17
| College Station–Bryan
|
| align=right| 192,603
|-
| 18
| Tyler
|
| align=right| 184,015
|-
| 19
| Abilene
|
| align=right| 158,488
|-
| 20
| Wichita Falls
|
| align=right| 149,653
|-
| 21
| Texarkana
|
| align=right| 131,591
|-
| 22
| Sherman–Denison
|
| align=right| 115,153
|-
| 23
| Victoria
|
| align=right| 112,965
|-
| 24
| San Angelo
|
| align=right| 105,270
|}
Education and scientific research
Near one of a school districts in Texas are separate from either any form of municipal government, hence they are known as "independent school districts," or even "ISD" for short. School territory might cross city & county boundaries. School territory keep around a power to tax their residents and to apply eminent domain.
A resole exception to this rule is Stafford Municipal School District, which serves all of the city of Stafford.
Texas has twenty Training Service Center "regions" that help a local school territory.
Colleges and universities
A University of Texas System, established by the Texas Constitution in 1876, consisted of nine academic universities, six health institutions, & UT Body administration inside 2004. UT Body institutions enrolled a number of 182,752 students within fall 2004 making it one of the big systems of higher education in the nation. Within 2004, The University of Texas at Austin, which is the largest institution in the UT System and in the state of Texas, maintained an enrollment of 50,377 students.
A University of Texas at Austin was another time a big institution in a United States, however these are today one of the top Trey big by people & is the globe's Fifteenth top ranking university [http://images.thetimes.co.uk/TGD/picture/0,,157854,00.jpg]. Seven doctoral software at UT Austin rank in the top 10 in the united states & Twenty-two degree programs rank in the top Xxv, based on datthe from a comprehensive learn of the quality of grad school conducted per United States National Research Council. 4 of a 7 school of medicine of Texas come inside the University of Texas System. Around 2004, a University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas was ranked the Sixteenth greatest higher-ranking school of medicine in the United States, sustaining quadruplet of Texas' eleven Nobel laureates. [http://www.tamest.org/nobelprize.html]
A Texas A&M University System is the second largest state university system of higher learning in Texas. Its flagship institution is Texas A&M University located in College Station and is the state's oldest public institution of higher education. Funded locate usually exceeds that of 100% more Texas universities, & Texas The&M ranks among the top ten national universities in research. These are a 2nd big university in a state of Texas & besides one of the top X big schools in the united states.
A University of Houston System is the largest urban state technique of higher education in the Gulf Coast, which has four universities with three located in Houston. Its flagship institution is the University of Houston, the just doctorial degree granting extensive the food & drug administration institution around Houston and is the third big in the state of Texas by using an enrollment of above 36,000. A interdisciplinary locate conducted at UH breaks freshly ground inside such vital arewhen as superconductivity, space commercialization, biomedical engineering, economics, education, petroleum exploration and management. UH is besides page to concluded Forty research facility & institutes. Amongst a virtually all prestigious of the University of Houston's colleges is the University of Houston Law Center (law school). A UH Law Center's Health Law & Policy Institute is ranked first in a united states when the Intellectual Property Law Program is ranked fifth, according to U.S. News & World Report.
Houston is page to the Texas Medical Center, the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, such as Baylor College of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston and The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. A University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, which nowadays ranks when one of the world's virtually all productive & extremely regarded academic institutions devoted to cancer patient care, the food & drug administration, education, and bar.
Houston is the location of the swell known prestigious personal institution of Rice University, which boasts one of the big financial endowments of any university in the world. A little undergrad student immune system is among a united states's virtually all take & one of a greatest percentages of National Merit Scholarship winners. Rice University maintains the kind of research center & laboratories. Rice is as well associated using The Houston Front yard Locate Center, a syndicate supported by Rice, the University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, and the University of Houston.
PUF
Transportation
Interstate highways
United States highways
Professional sports teams
A Houston Oilers, erst depending around Texas, touched to Memphis and later to Nashville, Tennessee, and became the Tennessee Titans. Houston too erst got a Arena Football League team Houston Thunderbears, and a Minor League Soccer team Houston Hotshots.
Miscellaneous information
State designations and symbols
Other state designations
A pledge to the Texas Flag is:
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Central Texas Pop Warner Unofficial homepage with results, team information, and rosters. Garland Pee Wee Football Association Youth flag and tackle football organization for kids in 1st through 6th grade. Contacts, information, schedules, maps and related links. Grand Prairie Raiders North Texas Pee Wee Football Association team offering flag football for 5 year old kids and tackle football for kids ages 6-11. Includes registration information, photos and a map of the area. Lake Travis Pop Warner Youth Football Association A member of Pop Warner's Central Texas Division offering flag and tackle football for kids ages 5-13. Includes age and weight requirements, schedules, results and related links. Carrollton Youth Football, Inc. (CYF) Youth tackle, flag, and cheer in North Dallas Metro area for kids ages 5-12. Includes news, calendar, registration information, photo album, and related links. Round Rock Youth Football Association Youth football and cheer. Contains registration details, news items, and an event calendar. AAYF Klein Rams Located in Spring. Features roster, schedule, game times, rules, photos, and related links. Texas Intercity Football, Inc. (TIFI) Non-profit tackle football, drill and cheer organization serving the Houston and Galveston Gulf Coast area. Access to team pages, scores, standings, news, maps and related links. Mesquite Pee Wee Football Association 76 teams (each with a drill team and cheerleading squad) for children ages 4-12. Information, contact numbers and related links. West Central Texans Youth flag/tackle football and cheerleading team for kids ages 5-13 in the west San Antonio area. Listing of players, cheerleaders and team information. |
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